P1: Describe the Internet and the worldwide web are and how they operate.

Internet

What is Internet?

- The internet is a global wide area network that connects computer systems across the world which includes several high-bandwidth data lines that comprise the internet backbone. The lines are connected to major Internet hubs that distribute data to other locations, such as web servers and ISPs.

How does the internet works?

- In order to connect to the internet, you must have  the access to an Internet service provider (ISP), which acts as the middleman between you and the Internet. Most ISPs offer broadband internet access via a cable, DSL, or fiber connection. When connecting to the internet using a public Wi-Fi signal, the Wi-Fi router is still connected to an ISP that provides Internet Access. However, cellular data towers must connect to an Internet Service Provider to provide.

Figure 1 : Network connection

Types of connections

• Dial up, ( where it connects to phone line )
• DSL, ( where it plugs into phone line )
• Cable, ( it is for tv connections )
• Wireless, satellite, cellular ( wireless type of connection which uses by smartphones )

Building a network

Building a network required a range of equipment which, consist:-

• Modem
• Router
• Server
• Wifi Extender ( optional )
• Cable
• Computer

1. Modem 

- A modem is an hardware which allows computer or other devices such as router or switch to connect to the internet. it modulates an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to a digital signal which a computer can recognise. 

Figure 2:  Modem

For example:

1. Phone line (DSL) modems
2. Cable modem
3. Broadband modem
4. Dial-up modem

2. Router

-  A router is a device that analyses the contents of data packets transmitted within a network or to another network. Routers determine whether the source and destination are on the same network or whether data must be transferred from one network type to another, which requires encapsulating the data packet with routing protocol header information for the new network type.

Diagram 2 : Router

For example:

1. Wired rooter
2. Wireless rooter
3. Core rooter
4. Virtual rooter

3. Server

- A server is a computer program or a device which provides functionality for other programs and also devices

4. Wifi Extender

- Wifi Extender is is for extending the coverage of the main wireless router and often used in larger homes or spaces in which there are reduced coverage areas.

Figure 3 : Wifi Extender

5. Cable 

- Cable are wires covered in a plastic covering which allows to transmit power and data between devices.

For Example:

1. Ethernet cable

   

   Figure 4 : Ethernet Cables

6. Computer

-  A computer is an electronic devices that manipulates information or data.

World Wide Web

What is world wide web?

- World wide web is a system of an internet servers which supports specially formatted documents. The documents are being formatted in a markup language which is called HTML ( Hyper Text Markup Language ) which it supports links to other documents, as well as graphics, video files and audio.

Protocols 

What is Protocols?

- Protocols is a set of mutually implemented rules at both ends of the communication channels for the proper exchange of information

There are three types of protocols:-

• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTP)

1. Internet Protocol

- Internet Protocol (IP) is the principle set of the digital message rules and formats to exchange messages between computers across a single network of interconnected networks by using the internet protocol suite.

2. Transmission Control Protocol

- Transmission Control Protocol is the communication protocol which is being used for internet and similar network such as internet and extranet which it controls and manages the data transmission over the internet. 

3. Hypertext Transfer Protocol 

- Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the protocol which is use to transfer data over the web. It is the part of the internet where the internet protocol defines commands and services which is being used to transmit webpage data. 

Internet Service Providers (ISP)

Figure 5 : Internet Service provider

- Internet Service Provider is an internet service Provider (ISP) which provides and allows customers with internet access. The data may be transmitted using several technologies including Dial-up, DSL, cable modem, or Wireless.

Domain Names

Figure 6: Domain Names

- Domain Names are words that is used to communicate to a DNS server of the website that you choose to visit. The Domain Names system is what translates the friendly name to a IP address. When accessing websites using domain names, the web browser will communicate directly with the DNS server to understand the IP address that the website use.

World Wide Web Consortium 

Figure 7 : World Wide Web Consortium

- World Wide Web Consortium is an international organisation committed on improving the web which includes a full-time staffs, industry experts and several member of the organisation to work together and develop standards for the world wide web.

Network

What is network?

- A network is a group of a two or more computer system which is linked together. The network is comprised of a number of different computer system connected by physical and/or wireless connections. There are many types of computer network such as:-

• Local Area Network (LAN)

• Wide Area Network (WAN)

Advantages of Using Network:

1. Resource sharing which gives the ability to share files, data and information in all computer in the network such as printers, fax machines modems and scanners.
2. Easy communication and speed

Disadvantages of Using Network:

1. Security Threats such as Hackers
2. Viruses which can spread to other computers throughout a computer network.

WI-FI

Figure 8: WI-FI

- A Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology which allows computers and other devices to communicate over a wireless signal. Wi-Fi is a standard ways for computer to connect over wireless networks. all modern computers usually have built in Wi-Fi chips allowing users to find and connect to wireless routers

Smartphones

Figure 9 : Smartphones

- Smartphones is a mobile device/ cellular device which offers an advanced computing ability and connectivity.

Bluetooth

Figure 10 : Bluetooth

- Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology which allows devices such as computers or mobiles phones to transmit data wirelessly over a short distance. The purpose of Bluetooth is to replace cables which is normally being connected, while securing the communication between them.

Personal Digital Assistant

Figure 11: Personal Digital Assistant

- A personal Digital Assistant is a handheld device which provides computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities for business or personal use. A Personal Digital Assistant combines computing, telephone/fax, internet and networking features.